International Journal of Advanced Networking and Applications

Sandhir Kumar Singh ¹, D. K. Singh ², P. Mahto ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Engineering Physics, NETGI, Thakurgaon, Ranchi, Jharkhand, IN
2 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BIT Sindri, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, IN
3 P.G. Department of Physics, VBU, Hazaribag, Jharkhand, IN

Abstract

Photonic crystal fibers (PCF) are more versatile, intriguing and promising than conventional optical fiber. PCFs are divided into two different kinds, the index-guiding PCF and the photonic band-gap (PBG) effect PCF. In conventional index-guiding PCF, there is a lattice of air holes in the silica background, which surround the core. Light in this fiber is guided through the high index solid silica core by total internal reflection mechanism. Fundamentally different from all high index core conventional photonic crystal fiber, in this paper, we propose a new type of Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) structure; where instead of using the air-holes in the cladding region, we use boron doped solid silica rods in order to reduce the problems associated with deformities of air-holes in the fabrication of PCF. Also, we analyze few of the properties of the proposed photonic crystal fiber structure such as Endlessly Single Mode(ESM) property and tunable dispersion, and compared with conventional photonic crystal fiber.

Keywords

Endlessly Single Mode (ESM), Photonic Band Gap (PBG), Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF), Standard Optical Fibers (SIF).

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Shio Kumar Singh ¹, M. P. Singh ², D. K. Singh ³

Affiliations
1 Maintenance Engineering Department (Electrical), Tata Steel Limited, Jamshedpur-831001, Jharkhand, IN
2 Computer Science and Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology, Patna, Bihar, IN
3 Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, Birsa Institute of Technology, Dhanbad-828123, Jharkhand, IN

Abstract

Recent technological advances in communications and computation have enabled the development of low-cost, low-power, small in size, and multifunctional sensor nodes in a wireless sensor network. Since the radio transmission and reception consumes a lot of energy, one of the important issues in wireless sensor network is the inherent limited battery power within network sensor nodes. Therefore, battery power is crucial parameter in the algorithm design to increase lifespan of nodes in the network. In addition to maximizing the lifespan of sensor nodes, it is preferable to distribute the energy dissipated throughout the wireless sensor network in order to maximize overall network performance. Much research has been done in recent years, investigating different aspects like, low power protocols, network establishments, routing protocol, and coverage problems of wireless sensor networks. There are various routing protocols like location-aided, multi-path, data-centric, mobility-based, QoS based, heterogeneity-based, hierarchical routing, hybrid routing, etc., in which optimal routing can be achieved in the context of energy. In this paper, the focus is mainly driven over the survey of the energy-efficient hierarchical cluster-based available routings for Wireless Sensor Network.

Keywords

Wireless Sensor Networks, Cluster Head, Cluster-Based Routing, Hierarchical Clustering, Base Station.

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